DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjpms.2025.v12i09.001

Pages: 369-388

The world of scientific development turns more and more towards solutions, connected with chemistry, physics, and the environmental science. This integrative review comprises evidence synthesis in the areas of nanotechnology and advanced materials, wastewater treatment and environmental chemistry, renewable energy and electrochemistry, photonics and sensors, artificial intelligence to science, and biomedical engineering. We chart gaps in research by recurring theme: understanding of mechanisms at interfaces and defects not yet understood, measuring and benchmarking against interoperable standards, scaling-up, manufacturing, and reliability under realistic load, data infrastructure, modeling, and uncertainty quantification, design-through-deployment sustainability, safety, and ethics. In each field, bottlenecks of limited characterization of operando operation linking nanoscale structure to device-level performance, lack of harmonized metrics that would allow cross-laboratory comparison, and the lack of validated multiscale models that would allow bridging electronic or molecular description with continuum behavior, are the most intractable. The main emerging opportunities in the field of physics-informed machine learning, closed-loop automated experimentation, and openly shared datasets with a sound metadata and provenance. Translators often have limited practice translation capacity due to weak process windows, sustained complex matrix permanence, and inadequate exposure, equity, and end-of-life route consideration. The review concludes with the cross-cutting roadmap, which underlines near-term interlaboratory studies and reference materials, medium term interoperable datasets and reliable surrogate models and long-term integrated pilot testbeds which links performance targets and techno-economic and life-cycle studies. The work will help align researchers, students, and sponsors with high-leverage problems and reproducible solutions that grow the scientific unders