DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2025.v13i05.004

Pages: 331-356

The severe global water crisis associated with industrialization, urbanization and climate change brings with it the urgent necessity for more advanced and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Furthermore, the emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals, microplastics and heavy metals are not treated at all by traditional treatment methods. As such, nanotechnology can address this problem efficiently, highly reactively, and in various sizes. The current work reviews the ability of metal oxides, carbon-based materials, or biosynthesized nanomaterials in removing organic, inorganic, or microbial pollutants. In detail, key mechanisms (adsorption, photocatalysis, ion exchange and electrochemical degradation) are discussed, and some specific applications of nanomaterials (TiO₂, CNTs, nZVI and graphene oxide) are reviewed. Additionally, nanotechnology has a wide range of applications, including integration into water recovery systems, decentralized treatment units, and real-time monitoring sensors. But there are environmental risks, it’s hard to get nanoparticle aggregations into specific forms, and implications for regulation are uncertain. Finally, future trends such as the development of hybrid systems, smart nanomaterials and AI in combination with treatment processes are outlined in this paper. However, based on the responsible and innovative application of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment, there are immense promises for achieving environmental sustainability and global water security.