DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2025.v13i08.006

Pages: 237-268

Nuclear technology continues to play a focal role in the establishment of international relationship as it impacts on the aspects of international security, international diplomatic strength, international energy policy and international strategic stability. This review gives an overview of how nuclear politics has changed since the atomic bombings of World War II to the modern day multipolar nuclear order. It looks at the dual-use of nuclear technology as a weapon of deterrence and as a source of civilian energy and the effects it has on regional conflicts, arms control and great power competition. The paper examines the major international regimes, including the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the IAEA role, and multilateral treaties, such as the Iran Nuclear Deal, on the experience of how institutions deal with compliance and credibility. The civil nuclear power is covered under the energy security, climate diplomacy and geopolitical trade. Moral and humanitarian issues like nuclear justice, environmental, and equality considerations are appraised and examined critically with regard to the upcoming concern of nuclear systems and AI and cybersecurity inquiries. The interdisciplinary perspective has allowed it to bring together political, strategic, and ethical aspects and the potentials of nuclear technology in the modern world politics to make the shift in global governance more inclusionary and responsible to promote security, cooperation, and long-term sustainability.