DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2025.v14i06.004

Pages: 128-162

Nanotechnology has become a disruptive technology in the field of medicine delivering solutions in diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development in a precise manner. The article gives a broad understanding of the development, processes and medical utilization of nanomaterial’s namely liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric carriers, and quantum dots as drug delivery and biosensing systems. Nano diagnostics in the form of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and point-of-care (POC) testing holds tremendous potential in terms of determining pathogens quickly and multiplexed along with monitoring chronic conditions. An example of how nanomedicine is working in the real world occurred with the COVID-19 pandemic, which catalyzed the development of gold and magnetic nanoparticle-based diagnostics platforms into the field and mRNA-based vaccines. Notwithstanding these developments, there is still a set of troubles associated with scalability of manufacturing, standardization of regulations and ethical governance. The major ethical concerns are human enhancement, surveillance, and inequality in access to high-tech means on the global level. The article also discusses new technologies called DNA origami, nanobots and biohybrids-the ones which are expected to disrupt the precision medicine with the use of programmable and flexible systems. Being combined with genomics and systems biology, intelligent therapeutics that have dynamic molecular response are under way. Nevertheless, biocompatibility, autonomous regulation, and ostensibly fair use top modules are still subject to questioning. These grand challenges need multidisciplinary teamwork, a solid ethical ground, and convergence in regulatory approaches. The vision that was envisioned in this future is the ability of self-powered, AI-enabled Nano devices, providing real-time feedback, and able to transition the healthcare industry to a decentralized and personalized paradigm. The convergence of scientific novelty and social clarification empha