DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2025.v13i09.005

Pages: 768-793

The swift development of computer science has produced an unprecedented centricity between old established fields and emerging fields that transform industries, societies, and world technological ranges. Review involves comprehensive, cross-disciplinary analysis of ten of the most important domains of the modern computing application: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cybersecurity, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), Data Science, Natural Language Processing (NLP) Computer Vision, Software Engineering and Quantum Computing. Both domains are discussed with reference to the fundamental principles of each domain, recent developments and applications in the real world as well as urgent questions to be addressed. The paper also points to the fact that these technologies are starting to influence each other: AI can improve cybersecurity, and blockchain can protect IoT networks, and quantum computing is both a breakthrough and a threat to the currently used systems. There exist also ethical, regulation, and environmental implications to point out about the greater impact of these coming together technologies. With all this summarization, the paper has come across the essential research gaps and opportunities in which there is a need to undertake a study in the future to come up with sustainable, secure, and intelligent systems. The review is an invaluable tool in the works of scholars, professionals and policymakers who need to appreciate the alignment of the current field of computer science, and how it can revolutionize in the digital era.