DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2026.v15i03.001

Pages: 50-56

Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections were substantially linked to higher mortality risk, longer hospital stays, and higher expenses. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is thought to have caused 4.95 million deaths worldwide in 2019. Third generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR E. coli), one of the most common bacterial infections, was a major contributor to these deaths [1]. Antimicrobial resistance is a natural phenomenon, but every use of antimicrobials, including overuse and misuse in both human and veterinary medicine, contributes to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that can be passed from humans to animals directly or indirectly [2]. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes can spread quickly across the bacterial population by horizontal gene transfer when they are transferred on mobile genetic elements like plasmids [3]. The ampC gene (often written AmpC or ampC) is a bacterial gene that encodes AmpC β-lactamase, an enzyme responsible for antibiotic resistance, particularly against β-lactam antibiotics. blaCMY-2 is the most prevalent plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase gene worldwide. Frequently found in: E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella spp that Confers resistance to cephamycins (e.g., cefoxitin) and many cephalosporin's especially third generation and forth generation cephalosporin's. Methodology: 66 urine samples were taken from female and male patients who came to Najaf Teaching Hospital and were suffering from urinary tract infections. The samples were taken and cultured on special culture dishes (blood agar) to isolate and diagnose Escherichia coli bacteria. The drug susceptibility test of the bacteria was tested for three types of third-generation cephalosporin's. Results: Molecular detection of blaCYM-2 show that most isolates were positive (35/66) (53%) while 31/66 of isolates were negative. Data analysis of bacterial antibiotic resistance show d