DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjavs.2026.v13i08.002

Pages: 145-152

As one of the most prevalent bacterial zoonotic diseases, brucellosis has caused public health and veterinary challenges, especially in developing countries. Such challenges arise in regions with active livestock farming and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Diagnosing brucellosis is complicated because the causative bacteria of the disease are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. Among the species, Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, and Brucella canis are the most common in human infections. There are many innovations in the control of brucellosis and its surveillance systems; however, it still has a chronic socio-economic impact. This review gives a comprehensive account of brucellosis to date, encompassing its epidemiology, taxonomy, modes of transmission, molecular pathogenesis and virulence, host immune response, clinical features, diagnosis, and advances in genomics and vaccine development. Because Brucella is adept at surviving and thriving within host cells, this review focuses on its immune evasion tactics and its ability to alter host signaling pathways. It also incorporates recent advances in diagnostics and brucellosis vaccines, especially for human and veterinary use. Currently, live-attenuated vaccines remain the primary method for controlling livestock brucellosis; however, safety and diagnostic concerns are leading researchers to seek new platforms. Combined with improved diagnostics and vaccination programs, incorporating a One Health approach is vital for controlling brucellosis, and continued multidisciplinary studies are necessary for innovative methods of controlling this endemic zoonosis.